Kant s Principles Of Kant - 1743 Words

The work of Immanuel Kant focuses on the idea that of everything in the world it is only good will that can be taken as â€Å"good without qualification† (Kant, 393). Unlike qualities or talents, which can be used both for good and for bad, good will is considered by Kant to be unequivocally good. Therefore, Kant’s principles require an individual to make decisions only based rationally upon the principles, or maxim, behind that decision, without consideration of the consequences that that action will bring about. Here, I will be evaluating a particular scenario and evaluating the morally right decision based solely on the principles of Kant. According to Kant, the morally right act must come from a decision taken by an individual because it is one’s duty, as opposed to a decision that is performed merely in accordance with duty. The significance there is that an act cannot be morally right in and of itself if it is not performed for the right reason. As a result, it is particularly important to evaluate the duties at play in this scenario as opposed to the outside motivating forces and inclinations that the individual may have in the situation. The particular circumstance that I will analyze concerns an individual who is sheltering Anne Frank and her family. The individual is one day confronted by the Gestapo who demand to know if that individual is sheltering Jews, to which the individual must decide whether to lie and protect the Frank family or to tell the truth andShow MoreRelatedKant s Principles Of The Metaphysics Of Morals1719 Words   |  7 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant offered a reorientation on how the established questions of metaphysics can be resolved. He claimed that man’s mind constructs human experience and that reality must agree with the mind’s notions, in contradiction of the view that the mind is a reflection of reality. His interpretation was that the mind is capable of actively creating experiences instead of passively being shaped by reality. Kant further believed that manRead MoreAct Utilitarianism Versus Kant s Principle Of Ends Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesAct Utilitarianism versus Kant’s Principle of Ends. Introduction There are many theories out there when it comes to any kind of ethics. I will be discussing Act Utilitarianism and Kant’s Principle of Ends. Both are good theories, but they do have their differences. I think that how we perceive either of these depends on how we were brought up by our families and what we believe in when it comes down to making decisions. While both are similar theories they are also different in their own wayRead MoreKant s Critique Of Judgment1128 Words   |  5 PagesAn Excerpt from Kant s Critique of Judgment In the first part Analytic of the beautiful, Kant elucidates the judgment of taste. Kant examines the mechanics in distinguishing whether something is beautiful or not and arrives to the realization that beauty is purely intuitive. The judgment of beauty relies not on cognition and reason but on an entirely different aspect .Then, whether an object is beautiful or not depends on the sensation of pleasure or pain the subject undergoes through exposureRead MoreImmanuel Kant And The Ford Pinto Case991 Words   |  4 Pages Immanuel Kant and The Ford Pinto Case Immanuel Kant ¶s theory on morals states that  ³nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will. ´ 1 Kant points to other human qualities such as courage, intelligence, wit and others that are  ³undoubtedly good and desirable, ´ 2 however, can become bad if the will of the person using them is not good. Kant maintains that in order for an action to be considered moral, itRead MoreKantian Ethics1459 Words   |  6 Pageson individuals that have a major impact on one`s life. The teachings usually start from a young age through parents, caregivers and educators in society. Due to their influence on young children`s lives it is their responsibility to make certain that young children will learn to make logical decisions that would contribute in a positive way in society. An ethical theory that would best describe people that influence young children would be Kantian`s ethics. His ethical theory elucidates that moralityRead MoreKant And The Moral Law1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Kant argues that mere conformity with the moral law is not sufficient for moral goodness. I will argue that Kant is right. In this essay I will explain why Kant distinguishes between conforming with the moral law and acting for the sake of the moral law, and what that distinction means to Kant, before arguing why Kant was right. 2) Meaning of Kant’s Statement Why: According to Kant, we can control the will and meaning behind our actions. The morality of an action should be assessedRead MoreHuman cloning and Immanuel Kant1114 Words   |  5 Pagesstrikes many people as morally wrong. The basic question is: how does society determine what s right? While, of course, questions regarding human genetic research are new, this basic question is as hold as civilization and has been addressed over and over again by history s great philosophers. One of the most notable philosophers of the modern era is Immanuel Kant, who was born in Prussia in 1724. Kant paid a great deal of attention to formulating a complex system of morality. The followingRead MoreKant s Theory Of Moral Theory1466 Words   |  6 Pagessince Kant s publication of his renowned ethical treatises, deontologists and utilitarians alike have argued over which moral theory is most coherent. Yet, in Mill s critique of Kant, Mill sidesteps this issue, not by directly critiquing Kant s moral theory, but rather by asserting that Kant s moral theory is actually just a form of utilitarianism. Essentially, Kant s universal law test is nothing more than a veiled appeal to consequences, as Mill correctly claims in his critique of Kant. AfterRead More Ethical and Philosophical Questions about Value and Obligation977 Words   |  4 Pagesof Mill, Kant, Aristotle, Nietzsche, and the ethics of care? III For Mill, the question is what is the relation between his (metaethical) empirical naturalism and his (normative) qualitatively hedonist value theory and his utilitarian moral theory? One place we can see Mill?s empiricism is his treatment, in Chapter III, of the question of why the principle of utility is ?binding?, how it can generate a moral obligation. Compare Mill?s treatment of this question with Kant?s treatmentRead MoreKants Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral803 Words   |  4 PagesKant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Moral The central concept of Kant s Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals is the categorical imperative. The conception of an objective principle, in so far as it is obligatory for a will, is called a command (of reason), and the formula of the command is called an Imperative. (Abbott, 30) An imperative is something that a will ought or shall do because the will is obligated to act in the manner in which it conforms with

The Conflict Between Syrian Boys And Syrian Girls

As years pass the conflict in Syria continues to grow, as do the attacks on civilian populated areas . One of the latest attacks occurred on November 7th, 2014 hitting a school (Al Hayat Primary School). that resulted in the deaths of 11 children and injuring several other children. . It is clear that this brutal attack was executed in order to end lives of children. The Syrian Government needs to take steps in separating children from the conflict that is occurring. It is reported that Syria has over 258,200 slaves. Most of these slaves are children who are forced to take part in armed conflict. Syrian boys are forced in fighting while Syrian girls are being sold as child brides and forced into marriages .Children are being forced in adult situations every day, Manal a 16-year-old girl stated, â€Å"My father said I have to marry. I felt he was no longer able to support me† . Under international law children have the right to go to school and receive an education, however children in Syria are forced to work in order to support their families. Children do not have access to food, water and hospitals. Khaled was born in a refugee camp in Damascus, when Khaled was 14-months old he was found by humanitarian doctors who claimed that Khaled looked as if he was 5 months old. Khaled has been able to make a speedy recovery but there are many children like Khaled that don’t have access to food and hospitals. Since the conflict has started about 60% of hospitals in Syria are noShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Syrian Civil War1708 Words   |  7 Pages2011, and it is now an ongoing civil war between the Syrian regime and Syrian rebels. All the civilians want is democracy in Syria, but the president, Bashar Al-Assad, does not want the government that way. To worsen the problem, a terrorist organization known as the Islamic State has dominated regions of the country, along with Iraq, in order to establish a theocracy. Sadly, children have even been kid napped or murdered by IS or the Syrian regime. The Syrian Civil War has resulted in dramatic physicalRead MoreTaking a Look at the Syrian Crisis723 Words   |  3 Pagesintensifying conflict and associated stress has had a growing impact on women and girls, forcing large numbers of them to flee to neighboring countries for fear of rape and sexual violence. Moreover, the situation in the country has deteriorated significantly with active hostilities raging between the Government forces and Shabbiha (militia pro government forces) on one hand and anti-Government armed groups on the other. Furthermore, there is aggressive violence and unrest between the Syrian oppositionRead MoreThe Context Of The Postcolonial Theory1110 Words   |  5 Pagesmade the Arab world under the telescope. The leaders of the Arab world had made the dourness appellation of their regimes to stop the Islamist and the oppositions to take the lead. Meanwhile, the Arab writers ponder to social-culture and religiou s conflict social injustice and socio-economic level that the Arab countries had reached. Thus, they reminisce the revolution of 1952, nationalism, their beloved leaders and the old days when the politics were choosing its representatives. The Arab writersRead MoreThe Evidence that Socialisation Plays a Major Part in Shaping Human Behaviour869 Words   |  4 Pagesextent to which human beings are being formed by biological inheritance (i.e. genetic determinism), or through socialisation (i.e. cultural determinism); the issue called nature-nurture debate. Another way to put this is the difference between instinct and learned behaviour, where instinct is inherited, and learned behaviour acquired through socialisation. Sociologists does not really consider instinctive behaviour; therefore, most sociologists would only accept there are inbornRead MoreSave The Children : The World s Leading Non Profit Organization2121 Words   |  9 Pagespeople s awareness, the organization combined thousands of photos provided through social media to create one image of a traumatic boy, representing the Syrian children refugees of the 3-year war. The campaign moved further when the organization made it an official alarm for people around the world with a video containing the scenario of what would happen with one little girl if the United Kingdom were within a war like Syria. The 1:34 video has touched thousands of hearts and attracted more than 43 millionRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesKohlberg defined three levels (pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional) comprising each two stages of moral development, hence, a total of six stages: (1) Obedience and punishment, (2) individualism, instrumen talism, and exchange, (3) â€Å"good boy/girl†, (4) law and order, (5) social contract, (6) principled conscience (Barger, 2000). He believed that moral maturity is reached step-by-step, step. That is, one cannot skip a stage through this process or move back (Villanova University, n.d.). InRead MoreChild Soldiers : Fists Around Childhood s Neck1896 Words   |  8 Pagesgroups have no sense of international law or moral conscious and will not adhere to international child laws so as to continually bolster their ranks. In a conflict the most important resource is fighters, people to hold the line and fight for a cause. Sadly for some regions many of these soldiers are much younger than you would think, boy and girls sometimes just a mere 10 years old are either forced or willingly join the military in places like Syria or Sudan. â€Å"The picture by photojournalist GeorgesRead MoreJesus: Could he be derived from other deities? Essays1641 Words   |  7 PagesGod, our lord and savior who died on the cross for our sins and resurrected once again. God came to Mary and told her how she would be the mother and Joseph, the father of Jesus Christ. God gave her instruction to go to Bethlehem to birth the baby boy and on the date of which Jesus would be born. God also told the three wise men to follow the North Star and they will see the birthing of Jesus Christ. Jesus was born on December 25 from the virgin Mary. Jesus is the central figure of ChristianityRead MoreThe Battle Of The Ottoman Empire198 2 Words   |  8 PagesArmenian Genocide and supported Zionism. After WWII American policies regarding the Middle East dealt with fighting communism, changing the views that Arabs had of the U.S, and replace them with a pro-western views and to deal with the Arab-Israel conflict. The U.S wanted to ensure stable governments in the Middle East and encouraged decolonization. Syria During World War I Syria as part of the Ottoman Empire engaged in the murderess of the Christians as part of the Armenian Genocide. After WorldRead MoreReasons For The Country Of Iraq1505 Words   |  7 Pagescooler weather to southern Iraq along with rain however; northern Iraq can get extremely cold. (World Travel Guild) One of Iraq’s main topographical features known are the Euphrates River and the Tigris River that flow from the Turkish and Syrian Arab Republic borders in the north to the Gulf in the south. Northeast Iraq consists of mountainous terrain while the country in the west is arid desert. The soil surrounding the two rivers is fertile; but because they lack an effective irrigation

Corporate Governance And Ethics Private water - public good

Question: (a) Discuss and critically evaluated the role of privatised water companies in terms of Carrolls pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility. Issues that would require discussion : Critically evaluate the water companies Economic, Legal, Ethical and Philanthropic responsibilities, and discuss which responsibilities they live up to and where might there be room for improvement. (b) Examine the privatised water companies in developing countries, in terms of the extended view of Corporate citizenship. Discuss the governmental roles they have taken on, and evaluate their performance from this perspective. Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the impact of privatization on water supply. Privatization of water indicates to the transfer of ownership from the public sector to private sector. However, almost two third of sanitation and water system are publicly owned. With increasing capitalistic world, privatization is becoming very common in the water industry. The assignment will discuss the impact of water privatization and evaluate the desirability of public/private management. Since, water is basic needs of time and often viewed as a gift of nature. Privatization of water service influence strong sentiments of the population, particularly among the poor. The assignment discusses the necessary responsibilities that the private organization dealing with water system need to perform. Impact of privatization in water sector: The involvement of private sector in water supply has a long history. This was first practiced in USA and UK. However, this sector has taken by private sector gradually over the time. There are many models on water privatization (Bakker 2013). The sale of water companies assets is probably the most extreme form of water privatization. However, this form of privatization is very rarely been practiced in this industry. More common form of privatization is where private sector controls the operations and invests in the water system for an extended period of time. Several companies have emerged as a giant as the privatization increased in water sector. These organizations have obtained contracts to operate water services in number of countries. Companies like Suez and Vivendi are the major players of water supply in developing countries. However, privatization of water is a controversial issue and often seen it negatively. Still it has several benefits as well such as unlike municipal water companies; private companies are very efficient and it had no corruption issue. Hence, it helps to improve service of water supply. In reality, the impact of water privatization has mixed views. Baer (2014) state that more practices of privatization have actually enhanced water provision. Many spectacular mistakes have made politician and activist to argue against the privatization process in water supply. Different nature of water industry and its impact on privatization: Like any private companies, water supply companies are those entities whose business operation decisions affect the environmental and economic condition of the society in which they operate. However, unlike other manufacturing companies, water companies are in the business to provide public service, a service that is necessary for the well-being of the entire populations. Another difference of water industry comparing with the others is the involvement of the government. In other industries CSR issues government placed in marginal position but in case of water industry, government has significance role. There are lots of instances where government failed to provide right quality water that leads to sever health problems. Government failure to expand water system leaves many households unconnected. This leads the privatization concept to take over water industry (Bakker 2014). In water privatization, government signs contracts regarding utility operation. However, even after the contract is signed, the government has significant control over the pricing policies, priorities and service standards in the water sector. Ideally, economic regulator is independent but still a portion of this compliance is monitored by the public sector (Bauer 2012). Hence, the scope of private decision-making is designed by these policies. This different nature of water industry has immense impact on companies CSR decisions. Impact of privatization in bottled water: In the United States of America and Europe, bottled water is not viewed as a part of water service industry. Many people viewed bottled water as a life-style product that is branded and sold in supermarkets. Normally, bottled water companies meet the standard of the water quality. However, there is no proven benefits regarding health of bottled water over tap water. People decision of buying bottled water is based on personal choice and cost. In developing countries, the situation is somewhat different. The reality is that distribution system of water that brings tap water to the households does not cover the entire population. Even there are many places where water system is available but water services are unreliable or the quality of the water is poor (Spronk 2014). In this situation, households have to depend heavily on the other sources of water and bottled water in one of them. In this situation, the water services companies have to incorporate different range of water services. Therefore, large corporate water services companies (like- Vivendi and Ondeo) are not the only players in this industry but smaller companies are also present in this industry and selling water as a commodity in the form of private water tankers, bottled water etc. In piping water distribution, affordability and equity are probably the major factors in pricing decisions. Until water supply able to reach entire population, both private and pu blic sector will have to participate to ensure water supply services (Bhattacharya 2016). Hence, bottled water can also be considered as the necessary product for human lifestyle. So introduction of private sector to this industry has created new possibilities for the people in the society (Burke 2013). With privatization, people can expect to have high quality water available anywhere in the society. At the same time, pricing decision of these public companies can be an issue for the society. Since it is a necessary product, government played a crucial role in setting the prices of bottled water so that everyone in the society can have the access of this necessary product. Water companies corporate social responsibility issues: In this different circumstances, social responsibility of the water companies are also somewhat different from other industries. There are several issues that influence privatization of the water industry. Hence, it is necessary for private sector to ensure that these issues can have very limited impact on the water supply system. To perform that, water companies need to consider general CSR issues like community relationships, human and labor standards, environmental protection along with the following issues: Poor water quality is one of the major issues of the public sector that influences the private sector to get into this industry. Investment decision in water industry is also a crucial issue because here companies are not only have to consider the business outcomes but also have to consider those people who belong below to the poverty line. Corruption is another issue in water industry. Since, there have been many issues found where peoples of the society are provided with substandard water. Carrolls Pyramid: The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reflects about how to motivate about socially responsible behavior in the corporate sector focus on two major approaches: industry-wide standards and code of conduct for individual firms. However, codes of conduct could be significant but only the corporate behavior alone does not guarantee desirable social outcomes in the water industry. Figure 1: Carrolls CSR Pyramid (Source: Bakker 2013) The social responsibilities of the water companies results from its different strategies as well as shareholders and investors beliefs. It demonstrates key elements of long-term profit are the value brought to the society (Murthy 2013). Water companies concentrated on the support activity and cooperation of the government, contributes to the societys economic development (Ouda et al. 2014). For example, understand the requirements about water system so that it can meet the requirement put by the government. Carrolls corporate social responsibility pyramid demonstrates the layers of social responsibilities that constitute the concept of CSR. The first layer in the Carroll pyramid describes the economic responsibilities of the organizations that aim to enhance the long-term financial purpose of the organization (De Gouvello and Scott 2012). However, in case of water industry companies not only have to consider only about the financial aspects of the company but also it had to maintain rule and regulation impose by the government. Since water is a necessary product, companies economic responsibility is not only to enhance its own business but also to provide high quality water to the people. As the idea of privatization in the water industry come up because of the government failure to provide the level of quality of water, it is important for the companies to provide high quality water not only from ethical perspective but also from business perspective as well (Morris 2012). Since, any f ailure in these issues will increase the thought that only government need to deal in the water industry. The second level of the Carrolls pyramid illustrates the legal responsibilities of the organization. It refers to the international and national laws that have been imposed on the companies. In case water industry, government has more rules and regulation comparing to the other industries. Since water is necessary for human life, companies dealing in this industry also have to maintain certain rules and regulations (Grant 2013). Water industries rules include the quality of the water, pricing decision of the company and availability of this high quality water. From ethical perspective as well companies have to understand that maintaining proper rules and regulations is absolutely crucial. Otherwise it can become a major issue of the society that might have negative impact on the image of the organizations. The third layer illustrates the ethical responsibilities of the organizations. Water companies have to consider several ethical factors because of the nature of the product. There are lots of concerns regarding corruption and bribery in the water industry. Hence, water companies have not only to stay clear of the corruption also has to play an influential role in the development of the society in which they work by coordinating with public companies. Factors like workers pay, benefits, training and development of the employees have to be above the standard level for the water industry because privatization of water industry forces many government employees to get into the sector (Jaffee et al. 2013). As a result, any improper style of management practices will encourage many adverse critics to raise their voice against privatization. The final level of Carrolls pyramid illustrates philanthropic responsibilities of the corporate organization. This level expects organization to be good corporate citizen by contributing to the society and its quality of life (Lieberherr and Truffer 2015). Water services organization have to think outside of the box to achieve solutions for serving households in different cities, slums and rural areas. Companies have to employ many strategies such as through tankers trucks and bottled water to provide water to every citizen of the society. It is necessary for the water companies to play a critical role in protecting environment as well. With increasing number of population worldwide, scarcity of pure drinking water has been found. Hence, water companies not only have to ensure high quality drinking water has been provided but also it need to preserve existing drinking water or rainwater so that people can have their necessary water need fulfilled (Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido 201 5). Conclusion: The study reviews the characteristics of water services industry that is different from service and manufacturing industry CSR literature. The study established the usefulness of CSR concept for privatization of the water supply. In this sector, it is important to consider the social importance of outcomes. The study shows the importance of public sector in achieving outcomes and also the political and social expectation from this sector. The study indicates that underlying principle of CSR in this industry would include going beyond the requirements of the contracts in order to meet its social objectives. From stakeholders perspectives, privatization will be helpful in water industry. The study concludes that industry-wide multiple approaches to promote CSR are more appropriate for the water industry than is a focus of code of conducts for single companies. However, much innovation and thinking is still needed about the industry-wide approach to CSR in the sector water services coul d be more effective while avoiding counterproductive one size fits all prescriptions. Extended view: Based on the above discussion, social responsibilities of water companies should be as follows: Private water companies not only have to meet minimum contract requirements but also have to go beyond that in order to fulfill social objectives such as water quality and environment. Water companies also need to reduce costs by avoiding inefficiencies in pricing policies. Companies need to expand water system more quickly than required. Water companies can use business practices such as society development initiatives and purchasing decisions to influence social change and sustainable development. References: Baer, M., 2014. Private water, public good: water privatization and state capacity in Chile.Studies in Comparative International Development,49(2), pp.141-167. Bakker, K., 2013. Neoliberal versus postneoliberal water: geographies of privatization and resistance.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,103(2), pp.253-260. Bakker, K., 2014. The Business of Water: Market Environmentalism in the Water Sector.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,39, pp.469-494. Bauer, C.J., 2012.Against the current: privatization, water markets, and the state in Chile(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Bhattacharya, S., 2016. Changing dimensions and interactions of water crisis and human rights in developing countries.World Scientific News,34, pp.86-97. Burke, K., 2013. The Viability of Water Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa. De Gouvello, B. and Scott, C.A., 2012. Has water privatization peaked? The future of public water governance.water international,37(2), pp.87-90. Grant, M., 2013. Water Privatization Overview: A Public Interest Perspective on for-Profit, Private Sector Provision of Water and Sewer Services in the United States.JL Soc'y,14, p.167. Harris, L.M., Goldin, J.A. and Sneddon, C., 2015.Contemporary water governance in the global South: scarcity, marketization and participation. Routledge. Jaffee, D. and Newman, S., 2013. A more perfect commodity: bottled water, global accumulation, and local contestation.Rural Sociology,78(1), pp.1-28. Lieberherr, E. and Truffer, B., 2015. The impact of privatization on sustainability transitions: A comparative analysis of dynamic capabilities in three water utilities.Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,15, pp.101-122. Molinos-Senante, M. and Sala-Garrido, R., 2015. The impact of privatization approaches on the productivity growth of the water industry: A case study of Chile.Environmental Science Policy,50, pp.166-179. Morris, B., 2012. Water Apartheid? A Case Study Examining Parallels Between Water Privatization in Neoliberal South Africa and Inequalities in Apartheid.Trail Six: An Undergraduate Journal of Geography,6. Murthy, S.L., 2013. The human right (s) to water and sanitation: history, meaning and the controversy over privatization.Berkeley Journal of International Law (BJIL),31(1). Ouda, O.K., Al-Waked, R.F. and Alshehri, A.A., 2014. Privatization of water-supply services in Saudi Arabia: A unique experience.Utilities Policy,31, pp.107-113. Spronk, S.J., 2014. Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America? Urban Water Supply Management in Bolivia under Evo Morales.Cell,613, pp.697-0326.